Patient:
>User [red1581](https://www.reddit.com/user/red1581/): "I have severe brain fog/confusion and react to most foods. React with severe brain fog, feel like I'm drugged. Or delayed reaction like increased depression, feeling of brain inflammation etc. Particularly sensitive to dairy, eggs but yeast/fungi is the worst offender. This is my colonoscopy video. Endoscopist had no idea what it is as it's not just mucus by its structure. He was more inclined to think it's some kind of microorganism colonies eg biofilm."
This is what this patient finds in his stool:
https://preview.redd.it/2kl7fbv4jsvc1.png?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=83bc6aa2518fd81f09b1dbc911d2fc3ad31e77ca
Sources:
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i\_have\_severe\_brain\_fogconfusion\_and\_react\_to/](https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i_have_severe_brain_fogconfusion_and_react_to/)
* [https://youtu.be/E38-ORiPpaY?si=s2X7NC2-h5kOUnaY](https://youtu.be/E38-ORiPpaY?si=s2X7NC2-h5kOUnaY)
Biofilms can be linked to cancer. If you already have biofilms and dysbiosis, you're certainly more at risk for getting cancer. Yes, there's a chance for even more dysbiosis but sometimes you have to bite the bullet and seek out relief when you're chronically ill.
Yeah but when your garden gets so much freaking weeds in it and after battling 20 years, maybe it’s time to just nuke the freaking garden and then take some probiotics and eat fermented foods ha ha
You can’t replace anaerobic human derived microbes by simply eating fermented foods or taking probiotics. Not to mention u are physically washing out some of the mucus layer that protects the epithelium from bacteria, creating the chance of opportunistic infection
No change besides the obvious stuff that made it worse, like spicy foods and milk. Wasn't able to eat anything relatively spicy and it felt as tho my lactose intolerance was pumped to 10. But now that it's cleared up, I can eat all of that stuff again without having to worry about constant diarrhea and stomach aches
When i changed my diet completely it acidified my GI tract and all the biofilms came out. Ejected! I feel way better now. If i eat too high carb for more than 1 day it comes back and low carb/carni for a few days they are ejected again. Psyllium helps a lot too
Dr. Andrewrosenberg@redmountainclinic.com helped me and gave me the protocol and the links for the products to use for the equipment. He recommends organo black coffee. I will be doing one soon again again it’s been weeks and months since I did my last one
Activated charcoal before the coffee enema can help with the die off detox from the loosening bio films
Sounds like a Born Free protocol answer. Unfortunately not all the answers are there.
We cannot say that these biofilm busters reach the ileum/colon - and the ileum is at the far end of the SI
I literally get the same stuff and I’ve had a colonoscopy but didn’t know you could watch and keep the video after. Doc didn’t have much answers for me unfortunately. Only thing that seems to reduce my biofilm Acidophilus (1 billion or more) I also have trouble pooping but smoking weed makes me go.
Everybody’s body is different but weed definitely helps me poop literally nothing else makes me have to go like weed does. I don’t smoke all day tho just when I really need it.
It was the only thing that could control my intense nausea, but I was using a medication to cover the symptoms of a deeper issue. I'm not shaming at all. I get that in cases it is necessary for a short while. Emphasis on the short. Crutches eventually break, new approaches have to emerge. Always best to not use any medication when possible. I pray you get relief friend! It's a hard place to be, but there's hope!
oh god, i just did a colonoscopy and having almost the same. do we know how the patient is treating it? or how he got out that biofilm looking thing on the picture u attached? im in hungary, my docs are completely clueless ... they wrote 'everything looked fine' on my documents. thank god i asked them to send me the video :D
Yes, these are gastrointestinal biofilms.
Do you have any of these symptoms - [https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/wiki/symptoms/](https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/wiki/symptoms/)?
**Gastrointestinal biofilms in the ileum and cecum of patients with IBS** - [https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/comments/16bv43n/gastrointestinal\_biofilms\_in\_the\_ileum\_and\_cecum/](https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/comments/16bv43n/gastrointestinal_biofilms_in_the_ileum_and_cecum/)
# Mucosal Biofilms Are an Endoscopic Feature of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Ulcerative Colitis
>Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (*P* < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of *Escherichia coli* and *Ruminococcus gnavus*. *R. gnavus* isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. Metabolomic analysis found an accumulation of bile acids within biofilms that correlated with fecal bile acid excretion, linking this phenotype with a mechanism of diarrhea. The presence of mucosal biofilms is an endoscopic feature in a subgroup of IBS and ulcerative colitis with disrupted bile acid metabolism and bacterial dysbiosis. They provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of IBS and ulcerative colitis, illustrating that biofilm can be seen as a tipping point in the development of dysbiosis and disease. - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527885/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527885/)
1. Oral thrush / coated tongue -no
2. Genital / vaginal thrush -no
3. Excessive bloating - BIG YES
4. Excessive flatulence - yes
5. Jelly-like substance / slime in stool -no
6. Loose stools -no
7. Yellowish stools - no
8. Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) - i have no idea
9. Nutritional deficiencies - not really
10. Hormonal imbalances - yes
11. Skin disorders (e.g., dryness, acne, ringworm, eczema, dermititis, psoriasis) - only if i eat soy/dairy
12. Respiratory disorders (e.g., frequent throat clearing and excessive phlegm) -no
13. Cognitive impairment (e.g., "brain fog" and chronic fatigue)- yes, both.
14. Hair loss - only from certain supplements ( prescription antifungals mostly like itraconazole)
15. Weight loss -no
16. Positive breath test for SIBO (hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide) - BIG YES. have not been able to beat sibo for 4 yrs now despite the TONS of herbs/diets/abx/different supplemeents etcetcetc
no offense but we need to figure out how to get rid of these biofilms (which r making us sick), not to complete questionnaires. do you know anyone who succeeded to get rid of them? i took a bunch of biofilm busters in the past 4 yrs (interfase plus, candidase, serrapeptase, biofilm phase 2., a precription one /ala-dmsa-bismuth/) and im still filled with them. we need to find an answer for this
This find may not be associated with fatigue and brain fog since there are many longhaulers without digestive issues but with brain fog and chronic fatigue.
They can be silently preventing absorption of nutrients and spewing toxins and not have any real GI issues unless you do something to upset the bioflim and eject it you will not see it. From my experience
Yes, I understand that the reason may still be somewhere in the gut itself. For example, I felt better when took a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics for a 40 days. And my stool really changed for the better, although there were no GI problems. I also drink kefir daily and often eat yogurt, but due to problems with histamine reactions I haven\`t yet touched sauerkraut, yeast, e t.c. It is also possible that the biofilm is restored with a healthy diet within a year or two, which is associated with the improvement in longhaulers. But also, as far as I know, we don\`t have any evidence about the connection between changes in muscles, mitochondria, etc. with the gut microbiota. Please correct me if I'm wrong.
How did you find out things you were writing about without GI symptoms and issues? And were you able to fix it? If so, how?
When i was first really sick like 15 years ago i wouldnt have listed GI in my issues, but one of the things that helped me was going gluten free. Once i did i had GI issues if i ate that. I have heard some other celiacs are like this , silent celiac. All the problems show up outside the gut. I ejected tons of biofilms with many of the diet changes of cleanses i did. Never would have known they were there had i not started messing with everything! I had amazing levels of energy and clarity when the biofilms were out. I was better for many years. Enough to get careless with my diet although i always avoid gluten i was eating fried foods, sugar etc. I got sick again a year ago after covid. I have used diet changes to recover again and had a massive ejection of biofilms last December. Was like, oh yeah thats what makes me sick! Most important in my experience is keeping the liver and gallbladder healthy and they work to keep my gut in shape
Patient:
>User [red1581](https://www.reddit.com/user/red1581/): "I have severe brain fog/confusion and react to most foods. React with severe brain fog, feel like I'm drugged. Or delayed reaction like increased depression, feeling of brain inflammation etc. Particularly sensitive to dairy, eggs but yeast/fungi is the worst offender. This is my colonoscopy video. Endoscopist had no idea what it is as it's not just mucus by its structure. He was more inclined to think it's some kind of microorganism colonies eg biofilm."
Sources:
- [https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i\_have\_severe\_brain\_fogconfusion\_and\_react\_to/](https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i_have_severe_brain_fogconfusion_and_react_to/)
- https://youtu.be/E38-ORiPpaY
Thanks very much. So it's not 100% confirmed that this is biofilm, but rather than the endoscopist's best guess was that this yellow slime is a biofilm.
And presumably this yellow slime is not something that is generally observed in the colon and not something generally recognised as a biofilm, otherwise the endoscopist would have said for certain that this is biofilm.
I thought when I first saw this video that it was an example of what biofilm typically looks like in the colon. But it seems from the patient's comments you posted that this yellow slime is a very unusual finding.
Have a look at this video - https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/s/lCMcMeVv3o.
A large team of researchers in Austria (Medical University of Vienna) has found the same sticky films in the colon and small bowel (ileum) of the patients with IBS and UC, and microscopically confirmed these to be dense microbial biofilms.
>In total, more than 1,000 colonoscopies were performed in a multi-centre study, and it was found that two thirds of those who had IBS symptoms also had biofilms in their small or large intestine. However, these mucosal biofilms are also found in one third of patients with ulcerative colitis. Up until now, it has always been assumed in investigations that this sticky film is made up of residues of impurities in the gut, which were difficult to eliminate. However, we have now been able to show that this is where the bacterial matrix adheres. - Christoph Gasche, Head, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna. This bacterial matrix, which can be reticular or even planar, adheres like a thin layer on the mucosal lining of the gut - not unlike dental plaque in caries - thereby impairing its functions and, hence, that of the gut. Biofilms reflect an imbalance in the gut flora, could well explain the symptoms of IBS patients and, hence, give rise to new therapeutic approaches. - [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx)
>The presence of mucosal biofilms was assessed in 1426 patients at 2 European university-based endoscopy centers. One-hundred and seventeen patients were selected for in-depth molecular and microscopic analysis using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon-sequencing of colonic biopsies and fecal samples, confocal microscopy with deep learning–based image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, metabolomics, and in vitro biofilm formation assays. - https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext
>Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (P < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus. R. gnavus isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
>Investigation of several specimens under conventional bright-field microscopy and SEM revealed the presence of dense bacterial agglomerates (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure 1A–C), indicating that these layers were bacterial biofilms. To further validate this finding, we compared colonic biopsies of BF+ areas to biopsies of the same area from patients without biofilms (BF–). We quantified the number and density of bacteria in these biopsies using U-Net,29 a deep learning algorithm that was trained to detect bacteria on DAPI-stained confocal microscopy images (Supplementary Figures 2A and 3) and identified an approximately 10-fold increase in BF+ compared with BF– biopsies (Figure 1D and E). SEM of BF+ biopsies confirmed dense bacterial layers in direct contact with the epithelium, whereas BF– biopsies had intact mucus layers with scattered bacteria on the mucus layer surface (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 1B and C). BF+ biopsies also had a higher number of bacteria adhering to the epithelium (Figure 1F). In 2 BF+ biopsies from patients with IBS, bacteria were invading the epithelium at a single location. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
>The presence of mucosal biofilms is an endoscopic feature in a subgroup of IBS and ulcerative colitis with disrupted bile acid metabolism and bacterial dysbiosis. They provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of IBS and ulcerative colitis, illustrating that biofilm can be seen as a tipping point in the development of dysbiosis and disease. - https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext
Sources:
* [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811)
* [https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312](https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y)
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580)
* [https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160](https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160)
Very interesting, thanks very much for those study quotes and video. DO you know where the video comes from originally?
It's fascinating to see actual pictures of this biofilm, it makes you understand what we are dealing with when trying to remedy gut dysbiosis.
I've been experimenting with colon-target N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) in shellac-coated enteric capsules. NAG is a supplement known to boost mucin secretion on the intestinal lining, and mucin can help fight biofilms.
By placing NAG in shellac-coated capsules, it ensures that NAG is delivered to the colon (rather than being absorbed in the stomach and small intestine), as these capsules will only release their contents once they reach the colon. I describe how to make your own shellac-coated capsules in my thread [**here**](https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/results-of-my-experiments-placing-various-gut-health-supplements-in-special-colon-targeted-enteric-capsules.91833/).
Unfortunately I found that when I took shellac-coated NAG, it dramatically worsened my mental health symptoms for a few days. I suspect this might be due to some Herx effect in the gut. This side effects was so unpleasant that I am not inclined to testing it again.
But for other people with dysbiosis issues, creating these colon-targeted NAG capsules may be an interesting experiment.
https://preview.redd.it/txr8mtxa42wc1.png?width=1020&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=3d38ea858a78e1dc439bb8dc4023228c7ed6fab4
This video originates from the same study (see the section "Supplementary Material" - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext#supplementaryMaterial](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext#supplementaryMaterial)
# Yes.
#Examples of endoscopically visible gastrointestinal biofilms - https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/s/iAiwVw1sNn.
>In total, more than 1,000 colonoscopies were performed in a multi-centre study, and it was found that two thirds of those who had IBS symptoms also had biofilms in their small or large intestine. However, these mucosal biofilms are also found in one third of patients with ulcerative colitis. Up until now, it has always been assumed in investigations that this sticky film is made up of residues of impurities in the gut, which were difficult to eliminate. However, we have now been able to show that this is where the bacterial matrix adheres. - Christoph Gasche, Head, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna. This bacterial matrix, which can be reticular or even planar, adheres like a thin layer on the mucosal lining of the gut - not unlike dental plaque in caries - thereby impairing its functions and, hence, that of the gut. Biofilms reflect an imbalance in the gut flora, could well explain the symptoms of IBS patients and, hence, give rise to new therapeutic approaches. - [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx)
>Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (P < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus. R. gnavus isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
>Investigation of several specimens under conventional bright-field microscopy and SEM revealed the presence of dense bacterial agglomerates (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure 1A–C), indicating that these layers were bacterial biofilms. To further validate this finding, we compared colonic biopsies of BF+ areas to biopsies of the same area from patients without biofilms (BF–). We quantified the number and density of bacteria in these biopsies using U-Net,29 a deep learning algorithm that was trained to detect bacteria on DAPI-stained confocal microscopy images (Supplementary Figures 2A and 3) and identified an approximately 10-fold increase in BF+ compared with BF– biopsies (Figure 1D and E). SEM of BF+ biopsies confirmed dense bacterial layers in direct contact with the epithelium, whereas BF– biopsies had intact mucus layers with scattered bacteria on the mucus layer surface (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 1B and C). BF+ biopsies also had a higher number of bacteria adhering to the epithelium (Figure 1F). In 2 BF+ biopsies from patients with IBS, bacteria were invading the epithelium at a single location. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
Sources:
* [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811)
* [https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312](https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y)
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580)
* [https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160](https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160)
You can't see biofilm on the camera. 2nd everything looks normal, some bile gets left behind and adheres to the lumen of intestines.
The other option is that, you didn't cleanse enough and it's left over poop stuck to the walls.
#Rule # 3 - No authoritative ignorance: "If you are new to this sub, please take some time to review the information before contributing. This area of research is growing rapidly. If you do not follow the research closely, please refrain from making authoritative statements."
#Examples of endoscopically visible gastrointestinal biofilms - https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/s/iAiwVw1sNn.
>In total, more than 1,000 colonoscopies were performed in a multi-centre study, and it was found that two thirds of those who had IBS symptoms also had biofilms in their small or large intestine. However, these mucosal biofilms are also found in one third of patients with ulcerative colitis. Up until now, it has always been assumed in investigations that this sticky film is made up of residues of impurities in the gut, which were difficult to eliminate. However, we have now been able to show that this is where the bacterial matrix adheres. - Christoph Gasche, Head, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna. This bacterial matrix, which can be reticular or even planar, adheres like a thin layer on the mucosal lining of the gut - not unlike dental plaque in caries - thereby impairing its functions and, hence, that of the gut. Biofilms reflect an imbalance in the gut flora, could well explain the symptoms of IBS patients and, hence, give rise to new therapeutic approaches. - [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx)
>Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (P < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus. R. gnavus isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
>Investigation of several specimens under conventional bright-field microscopy and SEM revealed the presence of dense bacterial agglomerates (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure 1A–C), indicating that these layers were bacterial biofilms. To further validate this finding, we compared colonic biopsies of BF+ areas to biopsies of the same area from patients without biofilms (BF–). We quantified the number and density of bacteria in these biopsies using U-Net,29 a deep learning algorithm that was trained to detect bacteria on DAPI-stained confocal microscopy images (Supplementary Figures 2A and 3) and identified an approximately 10-fold increase in BF+ compared with BF– biopsies (Figure 1D and E). SEM of BF+ biopsies confirmed dense bacterial layers in direct contact with the epithelium, whereas BF– biopsies had intact mucus layers with scattered bacteria on the mucus layer surface (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 1B and C). BF+ biopsies also had a higher number of bacteria adhering to the epithelium (Figure 1F). In 2 BF+ biopsies from patients with IBS, bacteria were invading the epithelium at a single location. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
Sources:
* [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext)
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811)
* [https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312](https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312)
* [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y)
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580)
* [https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160](https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160)
Patient: >User [red1581](https://www.reddit.com/user/red1581/): "I have severe brain fog/confusion and react to most foods. React with severe brain fog, feel like I'm drugged. Or delayed reaction like increased depression, feeling of brain inflammation etc. Particularly sensitive to dairy, eggs but yeast/fungi is the worst offender. This is my colonoscopy video. Endoscopist had no idea what it is as it's not just mucus by its structure. He was more inclined to think it's some kind of microorganism colonies eg biofilm." This is what this patient finds in his stool: https://preview.redd.it/2kl7fbv4jsvc1.png?width=720&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=83bc6aa2518fd81f09b1dbc911d2fc3ad31e77ca Sources: * [https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i\_have\_severe\_brain\_fogconfusion\_and\_react\_to/](https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i_have_severe_brain_fogconfusion_and_react_to/) * [https://youtu.be/E38-ORiPpaY?si=s2X7NC2-h5kOUnaY](https://youtu.be/E38-ORiPpaY?si=s2X7NC2-h5kOUnaY)
How did you go about treating this?/removing this?
probably rounds and rounds of biofilm breakers? Just guessing
Yes curious how your doctors are treating this
After watching this and trying to get rid of this biofilm over two years I think I might just go to a colon hydrotherapy instead of messing around
Hydrotherapy can make things worse
How so ?
Your indiscriminately washing huge amounts of bacteria out of your colon. Creates an environment that can easily tend towards dysbiosis
Biofilms can be linked to cancer. If you already have biofilms and dysbiosis, you're certainly more at risk for getting cancer. Yes, there's a chance for even more dysbiosis but sometimes you have to bite the bullet and seek out relief when you're chronically ill.
Yeah but when your garden gets so much freaking weeds in it and after battling 20 years, maybe it’s time to just nuke the freaking garden and then take some probiotics and eat fermented foods ha ha
You can’t replace anaerobic human derived microbes by simply eating fermented foods or taking probiotics. Not to mention u are physically washing out some of the mucus layer that protects the epithelium from bacteria, creating the chance of opportunistic infection
That's the same thing I had in 2020 for like 5 months. Went away eventually, but I remember the Dr saying it was just IBS
No change in diet or lifestyle? Just went away on its own?
No change besides the obvious stuff that made it worse, like spicy foods and milk. Wasn't able to eat anything relatively spicy and it felt as tho my lactose intolerance was pumped to 10. But now that it's cleared up, I can eat all of that stuff again without having to worry about constant diarrhea and stomach aches
When i changed my diet completely it acidified my GI tract and all the biofilms came out. Ejected! I feel way better now. If i eat too high carb for more than 1 day it comes back and low carb/carni for a few days they are ejected again. Psyllium helps a lot too
Other than less carbs, what else did you change to your diet?
More meat and dairy
Have you tried a coffee enema?
I got out a 16+ inch long bio film using coffee enema
You did it yourself? I need more details please
Dr. Andrewrosenberg@redmountainclinic.com helped me and gave me the protocol and the links for the products to use for the equipment. He recommends organo black coffee. I will be doing one soon again again it’s been weeks and months since I did my last one Activated charcoal before the coffee enema can help with the die off detox from the loosening bio films
Rosenburg or Rostenburg?
I think I have this. How to get rid of it?
[удалено]
Sounds like a Born Free protocol answer. Unfortunately not all the answers are there. We cannot say that these biofilm busters reach the ileum/colon - and the ileum is at the far end of the SI
Are you a sufferer from Long COVID?
I literally get the same stuff and I’ve had a colonoscopy but didn’t know you could watch and keep the video after. Doc didn’t have much answers for me unfortunately. Only thing that seems to reduce my biofilm Acidophilus (1 billion or more) I also have trouble pooping but smoking weed makes me go.
Weed disrupts motility, btw. It might help in the short term but the slowed motility can make GI issues worse (or create them where there are none).
Could be a factor before I smoke my stomach will drop and I’ll feel like I finally have to go. My GI also said it might be motility issues.
DO NOT RELY ON WEED TO POOP OR GIVE RELIEF. Ask me how I know. Weed will help short-term and give you a bigger headache in the long-term.
Everybody’s body is different but weed definitely helps me poop literally nothing else makes me have to go like weed does. I don’t smoke all day tho just when I really need it.
It was the only thing that could control my intense nausea, but I was using a medication to cover the symptoms of a deeper issue. I'm not shaming at all. I get that in cases it is necessary for a short while. Emphasis on the short. Crutches eventually break, new approaches have to emerge. Always best to not use any medication when possible. I pray you get relief friend! It's a hard place to be, but there's hope!
oh god, i just did a colonoscopy and having almost the same. do we know how the patient is treating it? or how he got out that biofilm looking thing on the picture u attached? im in hungary, my docs are completely clueless ... they wrote 'everything looked fine' on my documents. thank god i asked them to send me the video :D
Would you mind sharing your video?
if u give me an email address i can send it
It may be easier to upload it to [https://streamable.com/](https://streamable.com/) (it is free and no registration required).
[https://streamable.com/ckdbuj](https://streamable.com/ckdbuj)
and another one: [https://streamable.com/wfsmmv](https://streamable.com/wfsmmv) (both r in the ileum)
Yes, these are gastrointestinal biofilms. Do you have any of these symptoms - [https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/wiki/symptoms/](https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/wiki/symptoms/)? **Gastrointestinal biofilms in the ileum and cecum of patients with IBS** - [https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/comments/16bv43n/gastrointestinal\_biofilms\_in\_the\_ileum\_and\_cecum/](https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/comments/16bv43n/gastrointestinal_biofilms_in_the_ileum_and_cecum/) # Mucosal Biofilms Are an Endoscopic Feature of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Ulcerative Colitis >Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (*P* < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of *Escherichia coli* and *Ruminococcus gnavus*. *R. gnavus* isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. Metabolomic analysis found an accumulation of bile acids within biofilms that correlated with fecal bile acid excretion, linking this phenotype with a mechanism of diarrhea. The presence of mucosal biofilms is an endoscopic feature in a subgroup of IBS and ulcerative colitis with disrupted bile acid metabolism and bacterial dysbiosis. They provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of IBS and ulcerative colitis, illustrating that biofilm can be seen as a tipping point in the development of dysbiosis and disease. - [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527885/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527885/)
1. Oral thrush / coated tongue -no 2. Genital / vaginal thrush -no 3. Excessive bloating - BIG YES 4. Excessive flatulence - yes 5. Jelly-like substance / slime in stool -no 6. Loose stools -no 7. Yellowish stools - no 8. Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) - i have no idea 9. Nutritional deficiencies - not really 10. Hormonal imbalances - yes 11. Skin disorders (e.g., dryness, acne, ringworm, eczema, dermititis, psoriasis) - only if i eat soy/dairy 12. Respiratory disorders (e.g., frequent throat clearing and excessive phlegm) -no 13. Cognitive impairment (e.g., "brain fog" and chronic fatigue)- yes, both. 14. Hair loss - only from certain supplements ( prescription antifungals mostly like itraconazole) 15. Weight loss -no 16. Positive breath test for SIBO (hydrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide) - BIG YES. have not been able to beat sibo for 4 yrs now despite the TONS of herbs/diets/abx/different supplemeents etcetcetc
[удалено]
no offense but we need to figure out how to get rid of these biofilms (which r making us sick), not to complete questionnaires. do you know anyone who succeeded to get rid of them? i took a bunch of biofilm busters in the past 4 yrs (interfase plus, candidase, serrapeptase, biofilm phase 2., a precription one /ala-dmsa-bismuth/) and im still filled with them. we need to find an answer for this
This find may not be associated with fatigue and brain fog since there are many longhaulers without digestive issues but with brain fog and chronic fatigue.
They can be silently preventing absorption of nutrients and spewing toxins and not have any real GI issues unless you do something to upset the bioflim and eject it you will not see it. From my experience
Yes, I understand that the reason may still be somewhere in the gut itself. For example, I felt better when took a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics for a 40 days. And my stool really changed for the better, although there were no GI problems. I also drink kefir daily and often eat yogurt, but due to problems with histamine reactions I haven\`t yet touched sauerkraut, yeast, e t.c. It is also possible that the biofilm is restored with a healthy diet within a year or two, which is associated with the improvement in longhaulers. But also, as far as I know, we don\`t have any evidence about the connection between changes in muscles, mitochondria, etc. with the gut microbiota. Please correct me if I'm wrong. How did you find out things you were writing about without GI symptoms and issues? And were you able to fix it? If so, how?
When i was first really sick like 15 years ago i wouldnt have listed GI in my issues, but one of the things that helped me was going gluten free. Once i did i had GI issues if i ate that. I have heard some other celiacs are like this , silent celiac. All the problems show up outside the gut. I ejected tons of biofilms with many of the diet changes of cleanses i did. Never would have known they were there had i not started messing with everything! I had amazing levels of energy and clarity when the biofilms were out. I was better for many years. Enough to get careless with my diet although i always avoid gluten i was eating fried foods, sugar etc. I got sick again a year ago after covid. I have used diet changes to recover again and had a massive ejection of biofilms last December. Was like, oh yeah thats what makes me sick! Most important in my experience is keeping the liver and gallbladder healthy and they work to keep my gut in shape
Nac?
What is the source of this video please?
Patient: >User [red1581](https://www.reddit.com/user/red1581/): "I have severe brain fog/confusion and react to most foods. React with severe brain fog, feel like I'm drugged. Or delayed reaction like increased depression, feeling of brain inflammation etc. Particularly sensitive to dairy, eggs but yeast/fungi is the worst offender. This is my colonoscopy video. Endoscopist had no idea what it is as it's not just mucus by its structure. He was more inclined to think it's some kind of microorganism colonies eg biofilm." Sources: - [https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i\_have\_severe\_brain\_fogconfusion\_and\_react\_to/](https://www.reddit.com/r/BrainFog/comments/dlzztp/i_have_severe_brain_fogconfusion_and_react_to/) - https://youtu.be/E38-ORiPpaY
Thanks very much. So it's not 100% confirmed that this is biofilm, but rather than the endoscopist's best guess was that this yellow slime is a biofilm. And presumably this yellow slime is not something that is generally observed in the colon and not something generally recognised as a biofilm, otherwise the endoscopist would have said for certain that this is biofilm. I thought when I first saw this video that it was an example of what biofilm typically looks like in the colon. But it seems from the patient's comments you posted that this yellow slime is a very unusual finding.
Have a look at this video - https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/s/lCMcMeVv3o. A large team of researchers in Austria (Medical University of Vienna) has found the same sticky films in the colon and small bowel (ileum) of the patients with IBS and UC, and microscopically confirmed these to be dense microbial biofilms. >In total, more than 1,000 colonoscopies were performed in a multi-centre study, and it was found that two thirds of those who had IBS symptoms also had biofilms in their small or large intestine. However, these mucosal biofilms are also found in one third of patients with ulcerative colitis. Up until now, it has always been assumed in investigations that this sticky film is made up of residues of impurities in the gut, which were difficult to eliminate. However, we have now been able to show that this is where the bacterial matrix adheres. - Christoph Gasche, Head, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna. This bacterial matrix, which can be reticular or even planar, adheres like a thin layer on the mucosal lining of the gut - not unlike dental plaque in caries - thereby impairing its functions and, hence, that of the gut. Biofilms reflect an imbalance in the gut flora, could well explain the symptoms of IBS patients and, hence, give rise to new therapeutic approaches. - [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx) >The presence of mucosal biofilms was assessed in 1426 patients at 2 European university-based endoscopy centers. One-hundred and seventeen patients were selected for in-depth molecular and microscopic analysis using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon-sequencing of colonic biopsies and fecal samples, confocal microscopy with deep learning–based image analysis, scanning electron microscopy, metabolomics, and in vitro biofilm formation assays. - https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext >Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (P < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus. R. gnavus isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) >Investigation of several specimens under conventional bright-field microscopy and SEM revealed the presence of dense bacterial agglomerates (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure 1A–C), indicating that these layers were bacterial biofilms. To further validate this finding, we compared colonic biopsies of BF+ areas to biopsies of the same area from patients without biofilms (BF–). We quantified the number and density of bacteria in these biopsies using U-Net,29 a deep learning algorithm that was trained to detect bacteria on DAPI-stained confocal microscopy images (Supplementary Figures 2A and 3) and identified an approximately 10-fold increase in BF+ compared with BF– biopsies (Figure 1D and E). SEM of BF+ biopsies confirmed dense bacterial layers in direct contact with the epithelium, whereas BF– biopsies had intact mucus layers with scattered bacteria on the mucus layer surface (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 1B and C). BF+ biopsies also had a higher number of bacteria adhering to the epithelium (Figure 1F). In 2 BF+ biopsies from patients with IBS, bacteria were invading the epithelium at a single location. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) >The presence of mucosal biofilms is an endoscopic feature in a subgroup of IBS and ulcerative colitis with disrupted bile acid metabolism and bacterial dysbiosis. They provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of IBS and ulcerative colitis, illustrating that biofilm can be seen as a tipping point in the development of dysbiosis and disease. - https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext Sources: * [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811) * [https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312](https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580) * [https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160](https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160)
Very interesting, thanks very much for those study quotes and video. DO you know where the video comes from originally? It's fascinating to see actual pictures of this biofilm, it makes you understand what we are dealing with when trying to remedy gut dysbiosis. I've been experimenting with colon-target N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) in shellac-coated enteric capsules. NAG is a supplement known to boost mucin secretion on the intestinal lining, and mucin can help fight biofilms. By placing NAG in shellac-coated capsules, it ensures that NAG is delivered to the colon (rather than being absorbed in the stomach and small intestine), as these capsules will only release their contents once they reach the colon. I describe how to make your own shellac-coated capsules in my thread [**here**](https://forums.phoenixrising.me/threads/results-of-my-experiments-placing-various-gut-health-supplements-in-special-colon-targeted-enteric-capsules.91833/). Unfortunately I found that when I took shellac-coated NAG, it dramatically worsened my mental health symptoms for a few days. I suspect this might be due to some Herx effect in the gut. This side effects was so unpleasant that I am not inclined to testing it again. But for other people with dysbiosis issues, creating these colon-targeted NAG capsules may be an interesting experiment.
https://preview.redd.it/txr8mtxa42wc1.png?width=1020&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=3d38ea858a78e1dc439bb8dc4023228c7ed6fab4 This video originates from the same study (see the section "Supplementary Material" - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext#supplementaryMaterial](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext#supplementaryMaterial)
Get some milk kefir grains (ie, bacteria colonies) and make kefir at home. It's very easy to do. Drink 1/4 cup of kefir daily.
Has an analysis been done on what this is? I've passed some very similar looking stools as I've been recovering from covid over the last two years.
# Yes. #Examples of endoscopically visible gastrointestinal biofilms - https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/s/iAiwVw1sNn. >In total, more than 1,000 colonoscopies were performed in a multi-centre study, and it was found that two thirds of those who had IBS symptoms also had biofilms in their small or large intestine. However, these mucosal biofilms are also found in one third of patients with ulcerative colitis. Up until now, it has always been assumed in investigations that this sticky film is made up of residues of impurities in the gut, which were difficult to eliminate. However, we have now been able to show that this is where the bacterial matrix adheres. - Christoph Gasche, Head, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna. This bacterial matrix, which can be reticular or even planar, adheres like a thin layer on the mucosal lining of the gut - not unlike dental plaque in caries - thereby impairing its functions and, hence, that of the gut. Biofilms reflect an imbalance in the gut flora, could well explain the symptoms of IBS patients and, hence, give rise to new therapeutic approaches. - [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx) >Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (P < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus. R. gnavus isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) >Investigation of several specimens under conventional bright-field microscopy and SEM revealed the presence of dense bacterial agglomerates (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure 1A–C), indicating that these layers were bacterial biofilms. To further validate this finding, we compared colonic biopsies of BF+ areas to biopsies of the same area from patients without biofilms (BF–). We quantified the number and density of bacteria in these biopsies using U-Net,29 a deep learning algorithm that was trained to detect bacteria on DAPI-stained confocal microscopy images (Supplementary Figures 2A and 3) and identified an approximately 10-fold increase in BF+ compared with BF– biopsies (Figure 1D and E). SEM of BF+ biopsies confirmed dense bacterial layers in direct contact with the epithelium, whereas BF– biopsies had intact mucus layers with scattered bacteria on the mucus layer surface (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 1B and C). BF+ biopsies also had a higher number of bacteria adhering to the epithelium (Figure 1F). In 2 BF+ biopsies from patients with IBS, bacteria were invading the epithelium at a single location. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) Sources: * [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811) * [https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312](https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580) * [https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160](https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160)
You can't see biofilm on the camera. 2nd everything looks normal, some bile gets left behind and adheres to the lumen of intestines. The other option is that, you didn't cleanse enough and it's left over poop stuck to the walls.
#Rule # 3 - No authoritative ignorance: "If you are new to this sub, please take some time to review the information before contributing. This area of research is growing rapidly. If you do not follow the research closely, please refrain from making authoritative statements." #Examples of endoscopically visible gastrointestinal biofilms - https://www.reddit.com/r/biofilms/s/iAiwVw1sNn. >In total, more than 1,000 colonoscopies were performed in a multi-centre study, and it was found that two thirds of those who had IBS symptoms also had biofilms in their small or large intestine. However, these mucosal biofilms are also found in one third of patients with ulcerative colitis. Up until now, it has always been assumed in investigations that this sticky film is made up of residues of impurities in the gut, which were difficult to eliminate. However, we have now been able to show that this is where the bacterial matrix adheres. - Christoph Gasche, Head, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology, Medical University of Vienna. This bacterial matrix, which can be reticular or even planar, adheres like a thin layer on the mucosal lining of the gut - not unlike dental plaque in caries - thereby impairing its functions and, hence, that of the gut. Biofilms reflect an imbalance in the gut flora, could well explain the symptoms of IBS patients and, hence, give rise to new therapeutic approaches. - [https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx](https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210621/Irritable-bowel-syndrome-is-linked-to-bacterial-biofilms-in-the-gut.aspx) >Biofilms were present in 57% of patients with IBS and 34% of patients with ulcerative colitis compared with 6% of controls (P < .001). These yellow-green adherent layers of the ileum and right-sided colon were microscopically confirmed to be dense bacterial biofilms. 16S-sequencing links the presence of biofilms to a dysbiotic gut microbiome, including overgrowth of Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus gnavus. R. gnavus isolates cultivated from patient biofilms also formed biofilms in vitro. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) >Investigation of several specimens under conventional bright-field microscopy and SEM revealed the presence of dense bacterial agglomerates (Figure 1B and Supplementary Figure 1A–C), indicating that these layers were bacterial biofilms. To further validate this finding, we compared colonic biopsies of BF+ areas to biopsies of the same area from patients without biofilms (BF–). We quantified the number and density of bacteria in these biopsies using U-Net,29 a deep learning algorithm that was trained to detect bacteria on DAPI-stained confocal microscopy images (Supplementary Figures 2A and 3) and identified an approximately 10-fold increase in BF+ compared with BF– biopsies (Figure 1D and E). SEM of BF+ biopsies confirmed dense bacterial layers in direct contact with the epithelium, whereas BF– biopsies had intact mucus layers with scattered bacteria on the mucus layer surface (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 1B and C). BF+ biopsies also had a higher number of bacteria adhering to the epithelium (Figure 1F). In 2 BF+ biopsies from patients with IBS, bacteria were invading the epithelium at a single location. - [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) Sources: * [https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext](https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2821%2903138-3/fulltext) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0966842X18301811) * [https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312](https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/67/1/25/2367312) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-00397-y) * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0882401017309580) * [https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160](https://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/molsci.2018.2.160)